SECTION 4. GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS ON CITATION
Recommendation 50A
50A.1. In the citation of a name invalidly published as a synonym, the words "as synonym" or "pro syn." should be added.
Recommendation 50B
50B.1. In the citation of a nomen nudum, its status should be indicated by adding the words "nomen nudum" or "nom. nud."
Ex. 1. "Carex bebbii" (Olney, Car. Bor.-Am. 2: 12. 1871), published without a description or diagnosis, should be cited as
Carex bebbii Olney, nomen nudum (or nom. nud.).
Recommendation 50C
50C.1. The citation of a later homonym should be followed by the name of the author of the earlier homonym preceded by the word "non", preferably with the date of publication added. In some instances it will be advisable to cite also any other homonyms, preceded by the word "nec".
Ex. 1. Ulmus racemosa Thomas in Amer. J. Sci. Arts 19: 170. 1831, non Borkh. 1800;
Lindera Thunb., Nov. Gen. Pl.: 64. 1783, non Adans. 1763; Bartlingia Brongn. in Ann. Sci. Nat. (Paris) 10: 373. 1827, non Rchb. 1824 nec F. Muell. 1882.
Recommendation 50D
50D.1. Misidentifications should not be included in synonymies but added after them. A misapplied name should be indicated by the words "auct. non" followed by the name of the original author and the bibliographic reference of the misidentification.
Ex. 1. Ficus stortophylla Warb. in Ann. Mus. Congo Belge, B, Bot., ser. 4, 1: 32. 1904.
F. irumuënsis De Wild., Pl. Bequaert. 1: 341. 1922. "F. exasperata" auct. non Vahl: De Wildeman & Durand in Ann. Mus. Congo Belge, B, Bot., ser. 2, 1: 54. 1899; De Wildeman, Miss. Em. Laurent: 26. 1905; Durand & Durand, Syll. Fl. Congol.: 505. 1909.
Recommendation 50E
50E.1. If a name of a family, genus, or species is accepted as a nomen conservandum (see
Art. 14 and App.
II-III) the abbreviation "nom. cons." should be added in a full citation.
Ex. 1. Protea L., Mant. Pl.: 187. 1771, nom. cons., non L. 1753;
Combretum Loefl. (1758), nom. cons. [= Grislea L. 1753].
50E.2. If a name has been adopted by Fries or Persoon, and thereby sanctioned (see
Art. 13.1(d) and 7.8), ": Fr." or ": Pers." should be added in a full citation. The same convention should be used for the basionym of the sanctioned name, if it has one, and for all combinations based on either the sanctioned name or its basionym.
Ex. 2. Boletus piperatus Bull. (Herb. France: t. 451, f. 2. 1790) was accepted in Fries (Syst. Mycol. 1: 388. 1821) and was thereby sanctioned. It should thus be cited as
B. piperatus Bull. : Fr., and a subsequent combination based on it, as Chalciporus piperatus (Bull. : Fr.) Bataille.
Ex. 3. Agaricus sarcocephalus Fr. 1815 : Fr. was sanctioned as
Agaricus compactus [unranked] sarcocephalus (Fr. : Fr.) Fr. 1821;
Psathyrella sarcocephala (Fr. : Fr.) Singer is a subsequent combination based on it.
Recommendation 50F
50F.1. If a name is cited with alterations from the form as originally published, it is desirable that in full citations the exact original form should be added, preferably between single or double quotation marks.
Ex. 1. Pyrus calleryana Decne. (P. mairei H. Lév. in Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 12: 189. 1913,
"Pirus").
Ex. 2. Zanthoxylum cribrosum Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1: 946. 1825,
"Xanthoxylon". (Z. caribaeum var. floridanum (Nutt.) A. Gray in Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 23: 225. 1888,
"Xanthoxylum").
Ex. 3. Spathiphyllum solomonense Nicolson in Amer. J. Bot. 54: 496. 1967, "solomonensis".
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