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Lichen determination keys - neotropical Parmotrema - |
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Lichen determination keys - neotropical Parmotrema - |
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MASON HALE's key to Parmotrema, revised edition:
key to wide-lobed parmelioid species occurring in Tropical America
(genera Canomaculina, Parmotrema, Rimelia, Rimeliella)
by H. Sipman; last update 28 October 2005
This is an update for an unpublished key which Mason HALE distributed to several lichenologists in the late seventies. I have used it until it got dog-ears and became irreadible. Therefore I have made a new, updated version. Following the intention of Mason, it is placed on the Internet for general use. Adriano Spielman provided useful suggestions.
1a Thallus with isidia or dactyles (which may become pustulate or
be mixed with soredia) 2
1b Thallus with soredia; soralia linear or round to diffuse,
occasionally produced on pustules; no isidial initials
present 51
1c Thallus without isidia or soredia 121
2a Cilia completely lacking around lobe tips and in lobe axils 3
2b Cilia well developed around lobe tips to quite sparse and
present only in lobe axils 14
3a Medulla yellow or pale yellow orange 4
3b Medulla white (sometimes with patches of orange-red skyrin or
other anthraquinones near lower cortex; in decaying plants
salazinic acid may cause red staining) 6
4a Isidia slender, dense, not pustular, not hollow; medulla K-, C+
red (gyrophoric acid and entothein); large, leathery plants,
similar to P. tinctorum; widespread
P. endosulphureum (Hillm.) Hale (Hale 1965: 251)
4b Isidia coarse, pustular, hollow; medulla K+ yellow turning red
or C+ red (salazinic or gyrophoric acid) 5
5a Medulla K+ yellow turning red, C- (salazinic acid); Venezuelan
Andes P. enteroxanthum Hale (Mycotaxon 5: 434)
5b Medulla K+ yellow, C+ red (gyrophoric acid); southern Brazil
(synonymized with P. flavomedullosum) Parmelia elabens Kurok.
6a Isidia coarse, dactyliform or pustular or becoming fatiscent
-coralloid 7
6b Isidia thin, cylindrical, simple to sparsely branched, laminal
10
7a Isidia dactyliform 8
7b Isidia pustular or becoming fatiscent-coralloid 9
8a Unidentified fatty acid present; conidia unknown; Argentina
P. alidactylatum Estrabou & Adler
8b Caperatic and unidentified aliphatic acids present; conidia
sublageniform or weakly bifusiform, 5-7.5 mu long; SE Brazil
(Rio Grande do Sul) P. dactylosum Fleig
8c Norlobaridon and loxodic acid present; conidia sublageniform,
6 mu long; SE Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul) P. dissimile Fleig
9a Isidia becoming fatiscent-coralloid, mostly marginal;
protocetraric acid present; laciniae developing into large,
coralloid (Stereocaulon-like) clusters
P. fasciculatum (Vain.) Hale (Hale 1965: 252)
9b Isidia pustular; protocetraric acid present; orange yellow
pigment near lower surface (skyrin); Parana
P. gibberosum Kurok.
10a Medulla C+ red (lecanoric acid); widespread and common
P. tinctorum (Nyl.) Hale (Hale 1965: 264)
10b Medulla C- 11
11a Medulla K+ yellow turning red (norstictic acid) (when strongly
applanate and with rhizoid initials near the lobe tips, cf.
Parmotremopsis antillensis (Nyl.) Elix & Hale) P. guyanum Hale
11b Medulla K- or K+ slowly yellowish to brownish (protocetraric
acid or fatty acids) 12
12a Thallus yellowish green (usnic acid present in cortex; proto-
cetraric acid) P. conformatum (Vain.) Hale (Hale 1965: 270)
12b Thallus mineral greenish grey to white (atranorin present in
cortex) 13
13a Protocetraric acid present; corticolous at higher elevations in
Caribbean region P. peralbidum (Hale) Hale (Hale 1965: 257)
13b Aliphatic acids as in P. praesorediosum present; Brazil
(Paraná), saxicolous P. praeisidiosum Fleig
14a (2) Medulla yellow to orange throughout 15
14b Medulla white (sometimes with patches of orange-red skyrin or
other anthraquinones near lower cortex; in decaying plants
salazinic acid may cause red staining) 18
15a Medulla deep yellow (vulpinic acid); isidia fine, cylindrical;
cortex often cracked, revealing the pigment; widespread in the
lowlands P. sulphuratum (Nees) Hale (Hale 1965: 312)
15b Medulla pale yellow to orange (no vulpinic acid) 16
16a Medulla pale yellow orange, K+ yellow turning red (salazinic
acid); isidia very coarse, tall; Venezuelan Andes, 2100 m, on
rock P. enteroxanthum Hale
16b Medulla orange to ochraceous, K+ dark purple (pigment!) or K-;
corticolous 17
17a Thallus isidiate; isidia fragile, sometimes ciliate, coralloid-
branched and brown-tipped; margins with flaking cortex; medulla
completely pigmented, C-, KC- (pigment only); Amazonia, Guianas
P. aurantiacoparvum Sipman (Mycotaxon 44: 4)
(Acc. to Kurokawa & Moon (1998) identical with next species)
17b Thallus coarsely sorediate or isidiate-sorediate, with laminal
and submarginal soralia; unpigmented medulla C-, KC+ rose
(alectoronic acid); southern Brazil
P. hypomiltoides (Vain.) Kurok. (Hale 1965: 293)
18a (14) Thallus yellowish green (usnic acid dominant in cortex) 19
18b Thallus mineral greenish grey to white (atranorin dominant in
cortex) 23
19a Medulla P-, C+ rose (gyrophoric acid) or C- (fatty acid);
Caribbean, Mexico, USA, southern Brazil
P. xanthinum (Müll. Arg.) Hale (Hale 1965: 275)
(incl. P. madagascariaceum (Hue) Hale (Hale 1965: 275);
Parmelia aberrans (Vain.) Des Abb. (Hale 1965: 269)
19b Medulla P+ orange or red, C- 20
20a Medulla K- or K+ slowly yellowish to brownish (protocetraric
acid) 21
20b Medulla K+ rapidly yellow turning red (salazinic acid) 22
21a Isidia fine; widespread
P. conformatum (Vain.) Hale (Hale 1965: 270)
21b Isidia coarse and breaking open; above 2500 m in northern Andes
P. fractum (Hale) Hale (Hale 1965: 292)
22a Thallus brown below (darkening with age) and finely short
rhizinate to the margin; USA - Mexico, Caribbean
Canomaculina neotropica (Kurok.) Elix
(P. neotropicum Kurok.) (Mycotaxon 5: 437)
22b Thallus black below with a bare brown marginal zone; widespread
P. flavescens (Kremp.) Hale (Hale 1965: 272)
23a (18) Lower surface brown (darkening at the center with age),
finely short-rhizinate with scattered much longer rhizines to
the margin; upper surface distinctly white-maculate, shiny 24
23b Lower side jet black, sparsely rhizinate with a broad, usually
bare, black or brown marginal zone below the lobe tips; upper
surface dull 27
24a Medulla K- or K+ slowly yellowish to brownish 25
24b Medulla K+ yellow turning red (salazinic acid) 26
25a Medulla P- (norlobaridone and loxodin); Caribbean & Mexico
Canomaculina subtinctoria (Zahlbr.) Elix
(Rimeliella subtinctoria (Zahlbr.) Kurok., P. subtinctorium
(Zahlbr.) Hale, Canomaculina haitiensis (Hale) Elix = P.
haitiense (Hale) Hale) (Hale 1965: 317)
25b Medulla P+ red (fumarprotocetraric and traces of protocetraric
acid); southern Brazil
Canomaculina fumarprotocetrarica (Marcelli & Hale) Elix
(Rimeliella fumarprotocetrarica (Marcelli & Hale) Kurok., P.
fumarprotocetraricum Marcelli & Hale) (Mycotaxon 25: 88)
26a Trace of usnic acid often present in cortex; norlobaridone and
loxodin lacking; USA - Mexico, Caribbean
Canomaculina neotropica (Kurok.) Elix
(Rimeliella neotropica (Kurok.) Kurok., P. neotropicum Kurok.)
26b Usnic acid lacking; norlobaridone and loxodin present
Canomaculina subtinctoria (Zahlbr.) Elix
(Rimeliella subtinctoria (Zahlbr.) Kurok., P. subtinctorium
(Zahlbr.) Hale) (Hale 1965: 317)
27a (23) Upper cortex finely reticulately cracked to lobe tips;
rhizines rather numerous, usually present till near the margin
of the lobe tips, of very unequal length 28
27b Upper cortex continuous, cracking irregularly with age in the
center of the thallus; rhizines scarce, absent from a broad
marginal zone in the lobe tips 29
28a Medulla K+ yellow turning red, UV- (salazinic acid); widespread
Rimelia subisidiosa (Müll. Arg.) Hale & Fletcher
(P. subisidiosum (Müll. Arg.) Hale)
28b Medulla K-, UV+ yellow (norlobaridone and lichexanthone);
Venezuela Rimelia bonplandii Nata
29a Isidia cylindrical, uniform, mostly unbranched 30
29b Isidia becoming subsorediate or fatiscent-coralloid and tall or
pustulate 35
30a Medulla K- 31
30b Medulla K+ yellow or yellow turning red 32
31a Medulla UV+ white (alectoronic acid); orange-red medullary
pigment usually present in lower part of medulla; saxicolous in
pine-oak forest of Mexico-Honduras
P. erasmium (Hale) Hale (Hale 1965: 290)
(When medulla unpigmented, try also P. mellissii, couplet 37)
31b Medulla UV- (olivetoric acid); no medullary pigment; Brazil
(Rio Grande do Sul), on rock P. horridum Fleig
32a Salazinic acid present; medulla C+ or UV+ 33
32b Stictic acid present; medulla C-, UV- 34
33a Medulla C-, UV+ yellow (lichexanthone); North & Central America
P. ultralucens (Krog) Hale
33b Medulla C+ rose, UV- (gyrophoric acid)
P. concurrens Hale (Mycotaxon 5: 432)
34a Isidia dense, (partly) ciliate; bare zone below narrow; wide-
spread P. crinitum (Ach.) Choisy (Hale 1965: 284)
34b Isidia dense, not ciliate; bare zone below narrow; widespread?
P. internexum (Nyl.) Hale ex DePriest & B. Hale
34c Fine-lobulate (no true isidia); mangrove southern Brazil
P. lobulatum Marcelli & Hale (Mycotaxon 25: 88)
35a Medulla K+ yellow turning red (salazinic acid)
P. coralliforme (Hale) Hale (Hale 1965: 324)
35b Medulla K- or K+ persistently yellow 36
36a Isidia tall, fatiscent-coralloid; medulla K+ yellow
(atranorin); Guyana, Amazonia
P. flavotinctum (Hale) Hale (Hale 1965: 291)
36b Isidia pustular, not becoming sorediate; medulla K-, P+ orange
(protocetraric acid); Parana P. gibberosum Kurok.
36c Isidia short, not fatiscent but becoming sorediate or mixed
with soredia; medulla K- 37
37a Medulla strongly UV+ white (alectoronic acid); widespread
P. mellissii (Dodge) Hale (Hale 1965: 297)
37b Medulla weakly UV+ pale white or negative (norlobaridone);
southern Brazil P. paulense (Zahlbr.) Hale (Hale 1965: 334)
51a (1) Cilia completely lacking at lobe tips and in the lobe axils
52
51b Cilia well developed around lobe tips to quite sparse and
present only in lobe axils 67
52a Medulla pale yellow, at least in lower half, to yellow orange
throughout 53
52b Medulla white (sometimes with patches of orange-red skyrin or
other anthraquinones near lower cortex; in decayed plants
salazinic acid may cause red staining) 57
53a Soralia broad and diffuse, mostly submarginal; medulla with
gyrophoric acid and entothein; Venezuela - Argentina
P. flavomedullosum Hale (Mycotaxon 1: 110)
53b Soralia narrow, linear, marginal for the most part 54
54a Medulla P+ red (protocetraric and echinocarpic acids); South
America; resembles P. dilatatum, but with pigmented medulla
P. affluens (Hale) Hale
54b Medulla P- 55
55a Medulla C+ rose (entothein, gyrophoric acid and lichexanthone
in medulla); soralia strictly marginal; Paraguay - Argentina
P. conjunctum Hale (Mycotaxon 1: 108)
55b Medulla C+ yellowish or C- 56
56a Medulla C- or C+ dull yellowish (fatty acid, entothein); cilia
may be very sparse; Sao Paulo (Brazil)
P. araucariarum (Zahlbr.) Hale (Hale 1965: 238)
56b Medulla C- (diffractaic and barbatic acids), pigmented only in
lower half; soredia subgranular; Chiapas
P. matudae (Kurok.) Hale ex DePriest & B. Hale
57a (52) Medulla K+ yellow turning red 58
57b Medulla K- or slowly yellowish 59
58a Thallus large and leathery, without pustules; medulla with
salazinic acid P. cristiferum (Tayl.) Hale (Hale 1965: 241)
58b Thallus smaller, membraneous, with soredia produced on
pustules; medulla with stictic acid; Andean
P. bangii (Vain.) Hale (Hale 1965: 281)
58c Thallus smaller, membraneous, without pustules; medulla with
norstictic acid; Mexico-Nicaragua, Minas Gerais
P. rubifaciens (Hale) Hale (Hale 1965: 261)
59a Medulla P+ red (protocetraric acid); cortex often yellowish,
with atranorin and usnic acid, or usnic acid alone 60
59b Medulla P-; cortex grey, with atranorin alone 64
60a Cortex and/or soralia with usnic acid 61
60b Usnic acid completely absent 63
61a Thallus yellowish (no atranorin), membranous; medulla with
additionally echinocarpic acid; Amazonia, Guianas
P. aptrootii Aubel (Mycotaxon 44: 3)
61b Thallus greyish (with atranorin); medulla without echinocarpic
acid 62
62a Soralia yellowish, with usnic acid; lowlands of Caribbean,
Central America and Mexico
P. dominicanum (Vain.) Hale (Hale 1965: 248)
62b Thallus membranous; soralia white, on marginal laciniae;
highlands, widespread P. robustum (Degel.) Hale
63a Thallus coriaceous, without orange pigment near lower surface;
widespread
P. gardneri (Dodge) Sérus. (Swinscow & Krog 1988: 176)
63b Thallus membranous; with orange anthraquinone pigment scattered
near lower cortex; Para (Brazil) - Guianas, lowlands
P. subochraceum Hale (Bibl. Lich. 38: 117)
64a Medulla K+ yellowish; always saxicolous P. mordenii (Hale) Hale
64b Medulla K-; usually corticolous; widespread 65
65a Medula C+ red (lecanoric acid)
P. austrosinense (Zahlbr.) Hale (Hale 1965: 238)
65b Medulla C- 66
66a Lobes broad (to 10 mm wide); thallus leathery; medulla KC+
rose, UV+ white (alectoronic acid); Uruguay
P. exquisitum (Kurok.) DePriest & B. Hale
66b Lobes narrower (4-5 mm wide); membranous; medulla KC-, UV-
(unknown fatty acids); soralia on top of dactyls; Argentina
P. soredioaliphaticum Estrabou & Adler
66c Lobes narrower (4-5 mm wide); membranous; medulla KC-, UV-
(caperatic acid?); soredia not on top of dactyls; widespread
P. praesorediosum (Nyl.) Hale (Hale 1965: 258)
67a (51) Medulla orange or pale yellow, especially in lower half 68
67b Medulla white (sometimes with patches of orange-red skyrin or
other anthraquinones near lower cortex; in decayed plants
salazinic acid may cause red staining) 69
68a Pigment pale yellow, mainly in lower half of the medulla, K-;
unpigmented medulla C+ rose (gyrophoric acid); West Indies,
South America (if pigment K+ purple, see P. sancti-angelii)
P. permutatum (Stirt.) Hale (Hale 1965: 302)
68b Pigment orange; unpigmented medulla C-, KC+ rose (alectoronic
acid); coarsely sorediate or isidiate-sorediate, laminal and
submarginal soralia; southern Brazil
P. hypomiltoides (Vain.) Hale ex DePriest & B.Hale
(Hale 1965: 293)
69a Thallus distinctly yellow to greenish yellow (usnic acid with
or without atranorin in the cortex) 70
69b Thallus mineral or greenish grey to white (usnic acid lacking
in cortex) 75
70a Soralia coarse, pustular, laminal; cortex breaking apart;
occurring on soil and humus in paramo
P. fractum (Hale) Hale (Hale 1965: 292)
70b Soralia round or linear, mostly marginal; cortex entire;
usually corticolous in forests, or on rocks 71
71a Medulla C+ red (gyrophoric acid); Brazil
P. nylanderi (Lynge) Hale
71b Medulla C-; known from various countries 72
72a Medulla K+ yellow turning red at once (salazinic acid); soralia
on more or less involute lobes; pine-oak forest zone in Mexico
P. mirandum (Hale) Hale (Hale 1965: 273)
72b Medulla K- or K+ dull yellowish slowly (protocetraric acid);
ciliate mainly in axils; mostly with additionally atranorin in
the cortex 73
73a Thallus weakly yellowish green, atranorin dominant in the
cortex; soredia often on marginal lobules; medulla with
echinocarpic acids; lowlands, widespread
P. dilatatum (Vain.) Hale
73b Id., medulla without echinocarpic acid; highlands, widespread
P. robustum (Degel.) Hale
73c Thallus mostly strongly yellow green, without or with traces of
atranorin in cortex; medulla without echinocarpic acid 74
74a Medulla with malonprotocetraric acid; atranorin absent; Mexico
and Caribbean P. viridiflavum (Hale) Hale (Hale 1965: 274)
74b Medulla with protocetraric acid alone; atranorin in the cortex;
Ecuador-Venezuela, northern Andes at 2400-3500 m.
P. virescens Hale (Mycotaxon 25: 90)
75a (69) Lower side rhizinate to the margin with fine, short rhizines
mixed with long ones; lower side pale brown to black 76
75b Lower side with a wide, bare marginal zone or with scattered
rhizines of very variable length near the margins; lower side
dark brown to black, sometimes pale at the margins 82
76a Lower surface pale brown (sometimes darkening at the center) 77
76b Lower surface brown to black, at least at the center 80
77a Medulla UV+ yellow (lichexanthone) 78
77b Medulla UV- 79
78a Soredia mixed with short cilia; norlobaridone absent; southern
Brazil Canomaculina spinibarbis (Kurok.) Elix
(P. spinibarbe (Kurok.) Hale)
78b Soredia without cilia; norlobaridone present; Venezuela
Canomaculina larensis (López Fig.) Elix
(P. larense López Fig.) (Phytologia 44: 89)
79a Medulla with salazinic acid alone; cortex often with additional
usnic acid; widespread Canomaculina subsumpta (Nyl.) Elix
(Rimeliella subsumpta (Nyl.) Kurok., P. subsumptum (Nyl.) Hale
(Hale 1965: 315)
79b Medulla with norlobaridone and loxodin, sometimes with
salazinic acid; no usnic acid in cortex; widespread; perhaps
better included in C. subsumpta?
Canomaculina conferenda (Hale) Elix
(Rimeliella conferenda (Hale) Kurok., P. conferendum Hale)
(Mycotaxon 5: 433). Salazinic acid-containing specimens are
sometimes separated as Canomaculina reitzii (Hale) Elix = P.
reitzii Hale (Mycotaxon 5: 439)
80a Lower side brown; medulla with salazinic acid; soralia linear
on margins; Mexico - Costa Rica, Caribbean, southern Brazil -
Argentina Canomaculina leucosemotheta (Hue) Elix
(P. leucosemothetum (Hue) Hale) (Hale 1965: 330)
80b Lower side black; medulla without salazinic acid 81
81a Medulla with stictic acid; soralia laminal, round; Mexico,
Andes, Argentina Canomaculina muelleri (Vainio) Elix & Hale
81b Medulla without lichen substance; Andes, Uruguay
Canomaculina pilosa (Stizenb.) Elix & Hale
82a (75) Upper cortex usually distinctly and finely reticulately
cracked or reticulately white-maculate (low power
magnification); lower side rhizinate till margin with rhizines
of very unequal length 83
82b Upper cortex continuous, dull; if maculate, the maculae not
reticulately arranged but scattered; lower side with wide, bare
marginal, brown or white to mottled zone 87
83a Medulla K+ yellow turning red 84
83b Medulla K- or K+ slowly dingy yellow 85
84a Medulla with salazinic acid alone; common and widespread
Rimelia reticulata (Tayl.) Hale & Fletcher
(P. reticulatum (Tayl.) Choisy)
84b Medulla with norlobaridone and variable amounts of salazinic
acid; uncommon Rimelia commensurata (Hale) Hale & Fletcher
(P. commensuratum (Hale) Hale)
84c Medulla with salazinic acid and lichexanthone; Parana
Rimelia pontagrossensis Eliasaro & Adler
85a Medulla P-, KC- (caperatic acid alone) P. simulans (Hale) Hale
85b Medula P+ orange or KC+ rose (depsidones present) 86
86a Medulla P-, KC+ rose (diffractaic acid and lichexanthone);
Brazil Rimelia diffractaica (Essl.) Hale & Fletcher
(P. diffractaicum (Essl.) Hale)
86b Medulla P-, KC+ rose (norlobaridone); Mexico - Central America
only? Rimelia commensurata (Hale) Hale & Fletcher
(P. commensuratum (Hale) Hale)
86c Medulla P+ orange (succinprotocetraric and fumarprotocetraric
acids); Brazil - Paraná
Rimelia succinreticulata Eliasaro & Adler
87a (82) Lower surface with a broad bare white zone; lobes rather
suberect 88
87b Lower surface light brown to black, rarely with mottled white
areas at the margin 91
88a Medulla K- 89
88b Medulla K+ yellow turning red 90
89a Medulla UV+ white, KC+ rose (alectoronic acid)
P. louisianae (Hale) Hale
89b Medulla UV- or weak, KC+ rose or KC- (norlobaridone and/or
protolichesterinic acid); Mexico - Costa Rica
P. hababianum (Gyeln.) Hale (Hale 1965: 325)
Norlobaridone-containing specimens are sometimes separated as
P. yodae (Kurok.) Hale; (see also C. conferenda)
90a Stictic acid present in addition to norstictic acid; Mexico
P. hypoleucinum (Stein.) Hale
90b Stictic acid absent, only norstictic present; Mexico
P. hypotropum (Nyl.) Hale (Hale 1965: 328)
91a (87) Medulla K+ yellow or yellow turning red at once (salazinic
or stictic acids) 92
91b Medulla K- or K+ slowly yellowish 97
92a Medulla K+ persistent yellow (stictic acid) 93
92b Medulla K+ yellow turning red (salazinic acid) 94
93a Soralia orbicular on small lobules or submarginal in revolute
lobes; hymenium 70-80 mu high; spores 22-30 x 13-16 mu;
Caribbean, Mexico-Panama (temperate regions)
P. chinense (Osbeck) Hale & Ahti
(syn. P. perlatum (Huds.) Hale) (Hale 1965: 300)
93b Soralia diffuse, coarse and pustular ("cortex disintegrating in
large areas near the margins and developing into sorediate
pustules"; hymenium 70-80 mu high; spores 26-36 x 11-16 mu;
Andean P. bangii (Vain.) Hale (Hale 1965: 281)
94a Cortex finely reticulately cracked or reticulately white-
maculate Rimelia reticulata (Tayl.) Hale & Fletcher
(P. reticulatum (Tayl.) Choisy)
94b Cortex continuous; cracked only with age at center 95
95a Thallus completely divided into 2-7(-12) mm wide, sublinear
laciniae; sometimes with traces of gyrophoric and/or
protocetraric acid; Mexico - Chile
P. paramoreliense W.L. Culb. & C.F. Culb.
95b Thallus wide-lobes, irregular 96
96a Soralia marginal, often linear; cilia usually very sparse and
tiny; widespread P. cristiferum (Tayl.) Hale (Hale 1965: 241)
96b Soralia submarginal on lobules, orbicular; USA
P. margaritatum (Hue) Hale (Hale 1965: 296)
96c Soralia on top of laciniae; mountains of Mexico - Costa Rica
(temperate) P. stuppeum (Tayl.) Hale (Hale 1965: 308)
97a (91) Medulla P+ red (protocetraric acid) 98
97b Medulla P- 102
98a Soralia pustular, laminal in broad zone; low elevations near
Sao Paulo P. madilynae Fletcher (Mycotaxon 25: 88)
98b Soralia coarse, (sub)marginal, subfatiscent, mostly on lobules;
saxicolous; protocetraric + gyrophoric acids; Parana (Brazil)
P. schindleri Hale (Mycotaxon 25: 89)
98c Soralia powdery in linear or orbicular marginal groups 99
99a Protocetraric acid and echinocarpic acid together
P. dilatatum (Vain.) Hale
99b Protocetraric acid alone present 100
100a Cilia conspicuous, 2-3 mm long, distributed around lobe tips;
soralia fine; Mexico, southern Brazil
P. subarnoldii (Abb.) Hale (Hale 1965: 309)
100b Cilia shorter, often sparse 101
101a Cilia often sparsely developed, mostly in lobe axils; soredia
coarse, on marginal laciniae; widespread in the mountains
P. robustum (Degel.) Hale
101b Thallus coriaceous; cilia sparse; widespread
P. gardneri (Dodge) Sérus. (Swinscow & Krog 1988: 176)
102a (97) Medulla C+ rose or red (gyrophoric acid alone); orange-
yellow pigment (rhodophyscin) sometimes present near the lower
cortex, K+ purple (if pigment K-, see P. permutatum); conidia
weakly sublageniform (6-8 x 1 mu); widespread
P. sancti-angelii (Lynge) Hale (Hale 1965: 306)
102b Medulla C+ rose (gyrophoric acid and norlobaridone); no pigment
in medulla; conidia filiform; India, SE Brazil
P. indicum Hale (Hale 1977: 436)
102c Medulla C- 103
103a Medulla KC-, UV- (no alectoronic acid) 104
103b Medulla KC+ red or rose, UV+ white (alectoronic and/or a-
collatolic acid) 105
104a Saxicolous; with protolichesterinic acid; resembling
P. praesorediosum but ciliate; widespread
P. grayanum (Hue) Hale (Hale 1965: 292)
104b Corticolous; with constipatic acid; Para (Brazil)
P. ciliiferum Hale (Bibl. Lich. 38: 112)
105a Lobes rather narrow and laciniate; soralia mostly orbicular on
the laciniae, some marginal; marginal zone below narrow, mostly
black; Caribbean, Mexico-Guatemala (+ temperate areas)
P. arnoldii (DR) Hale (Hale 1965: 279)
105b Lobes broader, not laciniate; soralia linear and marginal: bare
zone below broad, brown 106
106a Soredia intermixed with isidia and cilia; widespread
P. mellissii (Dodge) Hale (Hale 1965: 297)
106b Soredia without isidial initials or cilia intermingled 107
107a Soralia not pustular, linear; medulla often with skyrin; on
trees; cilia 3-6 mm long; widespread
P. rampoddense (Nyl.) Hale (Hale 1965: 304)
107b Pustulate-sorediate along margins; saxicolous; cilia 2-4 mm
long; Venezuelan Andes P. sorediiferum Hale (Mycotaxon 25: 89)
121a (1) Cilia completely lacking around lobe tips and in lobe axils
122
121b Cilia well developed around lobe tips to quite sparse and
present only in lobe axils 136
122a Medulla yellow or yellow orange throughout or for the most
part, and especially in the apothecial amphithecium 123
122b Medulla white (sometimes with patches of orange-red skyrin or
other anthraquinones near lower cortex; in decayed plants
salazinic acid may cause red staining) 125
123a Medulla pale orange to salmon red, P+ red (protocetraric acid);
apothecia imperforate; hymenium 75-80 mu high; spores 22-24 x
11-12 mu; Venezuelan Andes P. betaniae Hale (Mycotaxon 25: 87)
123b Medulla P- 124
124a Medulla yellow-orange, C+ red (gyrophoric acid); spores
unknown; widespread P. crocoides (Hale) Hale (Hale 1965: 244)
124b Medulla pale yellow, C+ yellow-orange (barbatic and obtusatic
acids, entothein); spores 21-26 x 9-13 mu; Mexico (Chiapas
1000 m.) P. myelochroum (Hale) Hale (Hale 1965: 256)
125a Medulla C+ blood red (lecanoric acid); apothecia if present
perforate P. andinum (Müll. Arg.) Hale (Hale 1965: 236)
125b Medulla C-; apothecia if present imperforate 126
126a Medulla P- 127
126b Medulla P+ red or orange 128
127a Caperatic acid present; hymenium 60-90 mu high; spores to 15-21
x 7-11 mu long; Mexico-Guatemala, Bolivia-Uruguay-Mato Grosso
P. mesotropum (Müll. Arg.) Hale (Hale 1965: 255)
127b Diffractaic and barbatic acid present; hymenium 100-130 mu
high; spores 21-30 x 10-15 mu; Mexico, Caribbean; medulla
sometimes orange near lower cortex
P. mesogenes (Nyl.) Hale (Hale 1965: 254)
128a Medulla K+ yellow turning red (salazinic and/or norstictic
acid) 129
128b Medulla K- or faint yellow (protocetraric acid) 131
129a Salazinic acid alone present; hymenium 100-120 mu high; spores
28-32 x 14-16 mu; widespread
P. latissimum (Fée) Hale (Hale 1965: 253)
129b As 129a, but thallus lobes deeply laciniate (apothecia unknown);
Mexico P. acutatum Kurok. (Kurokawa 2001: 3)
129c Additional medullary substances present (TLC); hymenium under
80 mu high; spores under 25 mu long; South America only 130
130a Norstictic and salazinic acid present; hymenium 80-90 mu high;
spores 20-25 x 10-12 mu; Guyana - southern Brazil
P. crassescens (Stirt.) Hale (Hale 1965: 240)
130b Norstictic and echinocarpic acid present; spores 20-22 x 14 mu;
Mato Grosso, Brazil
P. wrightii Ferraro & Elix (Mycotaxon 49: 405)
131a Thallus on rock only; spores up to 15 mu long 132
131b Thallus on bark, occasionally on rock; spores over 15 mu long
133
132a Thallus rather closely adnate on rocks; hymenium 70-80 mu high;
spores 11-14 x 5-7 mu; Central America
P. eborinum (Hale) Hale (Hale 1965: 249)
132b Thallus laciniate, less closely adnate, on rock; hymenium 50-60
mu high; spores 12-15 x 5-6 mu; Brazil, Colombia
P. blanchetianum (Müll. Arg.) Hale (Hale 1965: 281)
133a Lobes with long marginal laciniae; hymenium 90-100 mu high;
spores 16-21 x 8-10 mu; Mexico (+ Africa)
P. disparile (Nyl.) Hale (Hale 1965: 247)
133b Like 133a, but thallus surface not maculate or finally
cracked, and apothecia perforate instead of imperforate;
Mexico P. cornigerum Kurok. (Kurokawa 2001: 4)
133c Lobes without conspicuous laciniae 134
134a Protocetraric acid alone present, no pigment near lower cortex;
hymenium 70-80 mu high; spores 18-22 x 7-10 mu; widespread
(divided by Elix (1998) into P. zollingeri s.str., with
fumarprotocetraric and succinprotocetraric acid, P. overeemii
(Zahlbr.) Elix, with protocetraric acid and slightly larger
spores, and P. platyphyllinum (Vain.) Elix, with protocetraric
acid and butlerin derivatives; it is unknown which occur in the
Neotropics) P. zollingeri (Hepp) Hale (Hale 1965: 267)
134b With additionally usnic acid in the cortex, but no pigment near
lower cortex; spores 16-18 x 10 mu; Andes of Peru
P. machupicchuense Kurok.
134c With additionally echinocarpic acid or pigment near lower
cortex; South America only 135
135a Orange anthraquinone pigment scattered near lower cortex;
hymenium 60-65 mu high; spores 30-33 x 15-18 mu; Para (Brazil)
P. cachimboense Hale (Bibl. Lich. 38: 110)
135b Echinocarpic acid present with protocetraric acid; hymenium 100
mu high; spores 20-22 x 10 mu; Amazonia (related to P.
dilatatum) P. progenes Hale (Mycotaxon 5: 438)
136a (121) Medulla yellow or yellow orange throughout or for the most
part, and especially in the apothecial amphithecium 137
136b Medulla white (sometimes with patches of orange-red skyrin or
other anthraquinones near lower cortex; in decayed plants
salazinic acid may cause red staining) 142
137a Thallus distinctly yellowish green (usnic acid + atranorin in
cortex, protocetraric acid and entothein in medulla); cilia
scarce; apothecia eciliate; hymenium 70-80 mu high; spores 25-
27 x 12-13 mu; Venezuelan Andes
P. lopezii Hale (Mycotaxon 5: 437)
137b Thallus mineral, greenish or whitish grey (usnic acid lacking)
138
138a Medulla P+ red (protocetraric acid, entothein); laciniate;
apothecia ciliate; Amazonia, Venezuela P. cristatum (Nyl.) Hale
138b Medulla P- 139
139a Cortex fragile, breaking apart; medulla pale yellow; fatty acid
in medulla; apothecia imperforate; hymenium 80-95 mu high;
spores 22-27 x 10-12 mu; southern Brazil
P. cryptoxanthoides (Kurok.) Hale
139b Cortex entire; medulla more deeply pigmented 140
140a Medulla bright lemon yellow (vulpinic acid alone); southern
Brazil P. cornutum (Lynge) Hale (Hale 1965: 283)
140b Medulla lighter yellow 141
141a Medulla lighter yellow, reddish below (entothein and
rhodophyscin); southern Brazil P. lyngeanum (Zahlbr.) Hale
141b Medulla lighter yellow above, orange-red below (entothein and
barbatic acid); apothecia ciliate; not yet known from the
Neotropics P. appendiculatum (Fée) Hale
142a (136) Thallus yellowish green (usnic acid in cortex) 143
142b Thallus mineral to whitish grey (usnic acid lacking) 144
143a Thallus often white-pruinose; medulla with salazinic (and
gyrophoric?) acid; saxicolous; southern Brazil - Uruguay
P. delicatulum (Vain.) Hale (Hale 1965: 271)
143b Thallus not pruinose; medulla with salazinic acid and unknown
substance Q; corticolous; Corrientes (Argentina)
P. masonii Ferraro (1979: 193)
144a Lower surface to the margin covered with fine rhizines, mixed
with scattered, much longer rhizines, usually pale to brown,
often darkening at the center with age, sometimes completely
black; upper side maculate 145
144b Lower surface bare or with sparse, long rhizines (dense in
Rimelia), mostly with a jet black center, the marginal zone
whitish or light brown to black; upper side maculate or
not maculate 148
145a Medulla K+ yellow turning red (salazinic acid) 146
145b Medulla K-; cortex with atranorin only (salazinic acid absent);
southern Brazil - Argentina
Canomaculina recipienda (Nyl.) Elix
(Rimeliella recipenda (Nyl.) Kurok., P. recipiendum (Nyl.)
Hale) (Hale 1965: 314)
146a Short rhizines sparsely branched and somewhat intricate;
apothecia ciliate; thallus not laciniate; lower surface mostly
pale brown, darkening only in the center; norlobaridone absent;
Uruguay-Argentina Canomaculina uruguensis (Kremp.) Elix
(Rimeliella uruguensis (Kremp.) Kurok., P. uruguense (Kremp.)
Hale) (Hale 1965: 342)
146b Short rhizines sparsely branched and somewhat intricate;
apothecia not ciliate; thallus laciniate with convex laciniae;
lower side black; norlobaridone absent; NW Argentina
Canomaculina laciniella Ferraro & Elix
146c Short rhizines simple; apothecia not ciliate; thallus laciniate
or not; lower side mostly pale brown; norlobaridone sometimes
present 147
147a Thallus not laciniate; southern Brazil
Canomaculina subcaperata (Krempelh.) Elix
(Rimeliella subcaperata (Krempelh.) Kurok., P. subcaperatum
(Kremp.) Hale) (Hale 1965: 314)
147b Thallus laciniate, lacinia flat; Argentina - Bolivia
Canomaculina cristobalii (L. I. Ferraro & Elix) Elix
(Rimeliella cristobalii L. I. Ferraro & Elix) (Mycotaxon 49:
406)
148a (144) Lower surface with a distinct, broad, bare, white or ivory
to brown rim; lobes often suberect 149
148b Lower surface with a brown or black, bare or rhizinate rim (or
at most somewhat white-mottled); lobes often more adnate, not
suberect 160
149a Medulla K+ yellow turning orange or red (norstictic, stictic or
salazinic acid) 150
149b Medulla K- 152
150a Medulla K+ yellow (stictic acid); apothecia if present
perforate; rim below often mottled white; hymenium 120-150 mu
high; spores 23-30 x 12-18 mu; Mexico-Guatemala, Caribbean,
southern Brazil (if thallus applanate, marginally rhizinate and
with norsticticacid, cf. Parmotremopsis phlyctina (Hale) Elix &
Hale) P. eciliatum (Nyl.) Hale (Hale 1965: 289)
150b Medulla K-; apothecia if present imperforate 151
151a Norstictic acid alone present; Jamaica, USA
P. perforatum (Jacq.) Hale (Hale 1965: 335)
151b Norstictic acid present with alectoronic acid; southeastern USA
P. subrigidum Egan (Egan et al. 2005)
151c Stictic acid present with norstictic acid
P. preperforatum (Culb.) Hale
151d Salazinic acid present; thallus often laciniate; Mexico 600-900
m. P. arteagrum Egan
152a Apothecia if present perforate; spores less than 20 mu long
(except P. glaucocarpoides) 153
152b Apothecia if present imperforate; spores usually more than 20
mu long 157
153a Medulla UV+ white (alectoronic acid present) 154
153b Medulla UV- (alectoronic absent) 155
154a Thallus maculate; apothecium rim rarely ciliate; southern
Brazil - Argentina P. rigidum (Lynge) Hale (Hale 1965: 338)
similar to P. subrigidum, but ascospores 18-33 x 9-19 mu
instead of 9-15 x 5-9 mu, pycnoconidia usually <12 mu instead
of 11-20 mu, absence of norstictic acid and regular presence of
a-collatolic acid (Egan et al. 2005); norstictic acid-deficient
P. subrigidum may key out here and can be distinguished by
ascospores and pycnoconidia.
154b Thallus not maculate; apothecium rim ciliate; Mexico
P. wirthii Hale (Bibl. Lich. 38: 118)
155a Medulla C+ red (gyrophoric, fatty acids); maculate; Brazil (+
Africa) P. hanningtonianum (Müll. Arg.) Hale
155b Medulla C- (gyrophoric acid absent) 156
156a Norlobaridone present (UV negative or weak), and/or
protolichesterinic acid; spores 15-20 x 8-10 mu; Mexico?,
Africa P. abessinicum (Kremp.) Hale (Hale 1965: 320)
156b Fatty acid present only (UV-); spores 25-30 x 12-15 mu; Africa,
neotropical? P. glaucocarpoides (Zahlbr.) Hale
157a (152) Medulla C+ red (gyrophoric acid); hymenium 130-150 mu
high; spores 24-28 x 14-16 mu; southern Brazil
P. catarinae Hale (Mycotaxon 25: 87)
157b Medulla C- (gyrophoric acid absent) 158
158a Medulla KC-, UV. (protolichesterinic acid); apothecia ciliate,
with maculate amphithecium; hymenium 80-100 mu high; spores 20-
26 x 10-16 mu; southern Brazil
P. melanothrix (Mont.) Hale (Hale 1965: 332)
158b Medulla KC+ rose, UV+ white (alectoronic acid); rim below
uniformly white; exciple often short-dentate and ciliate 159
159a Hymenium 100-140 mu high; spores 26-34 x 12-18 mu; medulla with
orange skyrin pigment scattered near lower cortex; surface
maculate; Mexico - Guatemala, Caribbean, southern Brazil -
Argentina P. subrugatum (Kremp.) Hale (Hale 1965: 341)
159b Hymenium 50-70 mu high; spores 11-22 x 6-12 mu; widespread
P. argentinum (Kremp.) Hale (Hale 1965: 322)
160a (148) Lower side rhizinate below to the margin, with rhizines of
very unequal length; cortex finely reticulately cracked or
white-maculate 161
160b Lower side rhizinate below to margin, with short rhizines;
upper side heavily maculate; thallus applanate; no substances
in medulla; spores 14-19 x 8-12 mu; southern Brazil to
Argentina Canomaculina consors (Nyl.) Elix & Hale
160c Lower side sparsely rhizinate, with wide, bare marginal zone in
lobe tips; cortex mostly continuous or irregularly cracked with
age toward thallus center 163
161a Medulla K+ yellow turning red, UV- (salazinic acid); lobes often
laciniate (cf. P. ruptum (Lynge) Hale ex DePriest & B. Hale,
see below); widespread Rimelia cetrata (Ach.) Hale & Fletcher
(P. cetratum (Ach.) Hale)
161b Medulla K+ yellow turning red, UV+ yellow (salazinic acid and
lichexanthone); upper surface faintly maculate; apothecia
perforate; spores 14.5-16 x 10-11 mu; Minas Gerais
P. lichexanthonicum Eliasaro & Adler
161c Medulla K- 162
162a Caperatic acid present; SE Brazil only?
Rimelia macrocarpa (Pers.) Hale & Fletcher
(P. macrocarpum (Pers.) Hale)
162b Norlobaridone and loxodin present; SE Brazil only?
Rimelia homotoma (Nyl.) Hale & Fletcher
(P. homotomum (Nyl.) Hale)
163a (160) Medulla K+ yellow turning orange or red (stictic or
salazinic acid) 164
163b Medulla K- 170
164a Apothecia perforate, at least partly 165
164b Apothecia imperforate 166
164c Apothecia unknown 169
165a Lobes rounded, 8-10 mm wide, membranaceous, in the center often
laciniate with many pycnidia; cilia 1.5-5 m long; spores 14-16
x 7-9 mu; oak-pine zone of Mexico, USA, Brazil
P. eurysacum (Hue) Hale (Hale 1965: 290)
165b As 165a, but lobes coriaceous, in the center crenate; cilia
1-3 mm long, rare; spores 10-14 x 6-10 mu; SE USA to Mexico
P. despectum Kurok. (Kurokawa 2001: 5)
165c As 165b, but upper surface strongly maculate, reticulately
cracked in older lobes, and lower side sometimes slightly
papillate P. permaculatum Kurok. (Kurokawa 2001: 8)
165d Lobes linear-elongate, 2-5(-10) mm wide, completely laciniate;
spores 16-20 x 8-10 mu; Mexico 2250-3300 m.
P. moreliense (B. de Lesd.) W. Culb. & C. Culb.
165e If lichexanthone present in medulla (UV+ yellow), see P.
lichexanthonicum above
166a Upper cortex reticulately white maculate to cracked;
not laciniate, with narrow bare marginal zone below; salazinic
acid; apothecia eciliate; hymenium 60-70 mu high; spores 16-18
x 9 mu; Costa Rica - Panama, southern Brazil-Paraguay
(intermediate with Rimelia; syn. P. expansum Hale, Mycotaxon 5:
435) P. ruptum (Lynge) Hale ex DePriest & B. Hale
166b Upper cortex continuous or cracked with age toward the thallus
center; spores more than 20 mu long 167
167a Cilia sparse, only in lobe axils; salazinic acid present
P. latissimum (Fée) Hale (Hale 1965: 253)
167b Cilia usually conspicuous around lobe tips; stictic acid
present 168
168a Corticolous; cilia fine; stictic acid; hymenium 120-150 mu
high; spores 23-30 x 12-18 mu; Mexico-Guatemala, Caribbean,
southern Brazil P. eciliatum (Nyl.) Hale (Hale 1965: 289)
168b Lobulate, stictic acid; mangrove of southern Brazil
P. lobulatum Marcelli & Hale
169a Thallus with scattered ciliate warts; Guyana Highland
P. verrucisetosum Sipman (Mycotaxon 44: 8)
169b Lobes very wide, 10-20 mm; southern Brazil
P. mantiqueirensis Hale (Bibl. Lich. 38: 113)
170a (163) Medulla C+ red; hymenium over (80-)90 mu high; spores 24-
35 mu long 171
170b Medulla C-; hymenium and spores various 173
171a Apothecia perforate; gyrophoric acid present; thallus
coriaceous; hymenium 60-80 mu high; spores 18-26 x 7-12 mu;
Caribbean, elsewhere? P. eunetum (Stirt.) Hale (Hale 1965: 325)
171b Apothecia imperforate; hymenium over (80-)90 mu high; spores
24-35 mu long 172
172a Olivetoric acid present; southern Brazil
P. abnuens (Nyl.) Hale (Hale 1965: 277)
172b Gyrophoric and lecanoric acids present; Guianas
P. gradsteinii Aubel (Mycotaxon 44: 6)
173a Medulla UV+ white (alectoronic acid present); apothecia
perforate or imperforate 174
173b Medulla UV-; apothecia imperforate 179
174a Apothecia perforate 175
174b Apothecia imperforate 178
175a Orange pigment (skyrin) scattered in medulla near lower
surface; thallus papery 176
175b Orange pigment completely absent; thallus coriaceous 177
176a Thallus papery, maculate; apothecia pedicellate, with eciliate
rim; hymenium 70-80 mu high; spores 17-22 x 9-12 mu; Mexico -
Guatemala P. chiapense (Hale) Hale (Hale 1965: 323)
176b Apothecia perforate (to imperforate); lobes becoming short
laciniate-lobulate; hymenium ca. 60 mu high; spores 14-15 x 6
mu; southern Brazil P. brasiliense Hale (Bibl. Lich. 38: 109)
177a Pycnoconidia sublageniform, 6-7 mu long; thallus coriaceous;
apothecia substipitate; hymenium 50-70 mu high; spores 12-17 x
7-10 mu; cilia sparse; Brazil, elsewhere?
P. maclayanum (Müll. Arg.) Hale (Swinscow & Krog 1988: 183)
[incl. P. breviciliatum (Hale) Hale (Hale 1965: 282)]
177b Pycnoconidia filiform, 8-11 mu long; spores 13-18 x 10-14 mu;
otherwise as a; Argentina
P. pseudobreviciliatum Adler, Elix & Hale
178a Thallus rather fragile, marginal cilia 2-5 mm long; medulla
sometimes with skyrin; apothecia ciliate; hymenium 75-90 mu
high; spores 17-22 x 6-10 mu; southern Brazil
P. wainii (A. Sm.) Hale (Hale 1965: 313)
178b Thallus not fragile, marginal cilia 0.5-1.5 mm; medulla with
scattered orange skyrin pigment near lower cortex; apothecia
ciliate; hymenium 85-90 mu high; spores 28-30 x 10-15 mu;
southern Brazil P. maraense Hale (Bibl. Lich. 38: 114)
179a Medulla P- (protocetraric acid absent, fatty acids present);
apothecia estipitate, rarely perforate, not ciliate; hymenium
60-70 mu high; spores 22-25 x 10-12 mu; Para (Brazil)
P. paraense Hale (Bibl. Lich. 38: 116)
179b Medulla P+ red (protocetraric acid) 180
180a Lobes broad and rotund, without conspicuous laciniae; cilia
very sparse, in axils only, absent on tips; widespread; see
note under 134a P. zollingeri (Hepp) Hale
180b Lobes more or less marginally dissected and laciniate; cilia
present in axils and on lobe tips, sometimes sparse 181
181a Anthraquinone pigment scattered in medulla near lower cortex;
apothecia not ciliate; hymenium 60-65 mu high 182
181b Anthraquinone pigment absent; apothecia sometimes ciliate;
hymenium usually over 90 mu high 183
182a Thallus not laciniate, lobes 2-4 mm wide; apothecia with
inrolled rim; hymenium 60-65 mu high; spores 24-27 x 15-18 mu;
Brazil (Mato Grosso) P. confusum Hale (Bibl. Lich. 38: 113)
182b Thallus laciniate, lobes 5-9 mm wide; hymenium 60-65 mu high;
spores 28-30 x 10-12 mu; Brazil (Para)
P. pigmentosum Hale (Bibl. Lich. 38: 116)
183a Echinocarpic acid present with protocetraric acid; apothecia
not ciliate; hymenium 100 mu high; spores 20-22 x 10 mu;
Amazonia (related to P. dilatatum)
P. progenes Hale (Mycotaxon 5: 438)
183b Echinocarpic acid absent; lobes marginally dissected and
laciniate 184
184a Spores less than 20 mu; North America
P. submarginale (Michx.) DePriest & B.Hale
(syn. P. michauxianum (Zahlbr.) Hale)
184b Spores 26-34 x 12-16 mu; hymenium 90-110 mu; apothecium exciple
dentate-laciniate, ciliate; Bolivia, elsewhere?
P. merrillii (Vain.) Hale (Hale 1965: 298)
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Parmeliaceae). Mycotaxon 67: 201-206.
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from North and South America. Bryologist 108: 402-405.
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1-10.
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© Botanischer Garten und
Botanisches Museum Berlin-Dahlem, Freie Universität Berlin
page editor: Harrie Sipman, imprint
http://www.bgbm.org/sipman/keys/Neoparmo.htm