Selective list of collections acquired by the Botanical Museum Berlin-Dahlem (B) 1914 – 1986
The following list contains the more important and larger collections acquired by the Botanical Museum Berlin-Dahlem (B) between 1914 and 1986 and assigned to certain collectors (or owners). It was not possible to include all collectors. It should be borne in mind that collections mentioned as "original herbarium" very often contain specimens collected by other persons than the owner. Additional names of collectors represented at B are given in Hiepko (1980), Lack (1980) and Lack & Wagner (1985).
Some collections from the time before 1914 (see lists in Urban 1916) are mentioned if they were at least partly saved in 1943. The collections made by the present staff members are not included.
In accordance with the Collectors Index (part II of Index Herbariorum) the indication "r." in front of a year marks the date at which the collection was received at the Museum. Thus, it is possible to see whether the material was destroyed in 1943. If material received before March 1943 was saved, this fact is indicated. It should be stressed again that in the groups listed in the systematic section of the herbarium menu certain specimens from almost all old collections are extant.
The dates of receipt are taken from the published annual reports which comprise the period from April 1 of each year to March 31 of the following, i.e. the financial year formerly used. The dates given refer to the first year of the period mentioned. Thus, all collections received since 1943 (r. 1943 and later) came to the Botanical Museum after the destruction of the herbarium building.
For the selected Exsiccatae of different groups of Cryptogams included in the list, the dates of receipt are not mentioned; these collections are all extant.
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
Allorge, P.: Bryotheca iberica, no. 1-150. Paris 1928-1938.
Allorge, V. & P.: Bryophyta azorica. Paris 1939.
Andres, H.: Bryophyte herbarium, r. 1968 (+/- 18,000, mostly Europe, especially Rhineland).
Ascherson, P.: Small parts of the original herbarium (r. 1895) extant.
Barros, J. J. de: Portugal, r. 1939 (+/- 2,000, partly extant).
Baschant, R.: Original herbarium, r. 1959 (+/- 25,000, mostly C. & S. Europe, some Senegal, Brazil and specimens of other continents [exchange]; many duplicate of old collections, cf. Hiepko 1980).
Becker, W.: Viola herbarium, r. 1929 (+/- 4,300).
Beger, H.: Original herbarium, r. 1941 (+/- 12,000, col. 1906-1939, mostly C. Europe), almost completely extant.
Behr, O.: Lichen herbarium, r. 1962 (+/- 11,000).
Berger-LandefeIdt, U.: Original herbarium, r. 1968 (+/- 23,000 + 686 Cryptogams; mostly C. and S. Europe).
Beyer, R.: Original herbarium, r. 1925 (over 30,000, C. Europe, especially Westphalia), partly extant.
Borgmann, E.: N. E. New Guinea (Mt. Wilhelm) col. 1960/61, r. 1971 (+/- 950).
Bornmüller, J.: C. & S. Europe, r. 1914-1937 (3,002, incl. 2,150 nos. Hieracium); Macedonia, r. 1919-1924 (3,331 ex herb. HBG); Iter graecum a. 1926, r. 1927 (504); Iter anatolicum quintum a. 1929, r. 1931 (621); Balkan a. 1931, r. 1932 (79); Tripoli & S. Italy a. 1933, r. 1934 (381). - The private herbarium of J. Bornmüller ("ca. 600 sehr starke Faszikel") was purchased for the Botanical Museum in 1938 and moved to Berlin in several parts since that year. The material received before March 1943, therefore, has been largely destroyed (list of destroyed families in Wagenitz 1960: 358). However, the greater part of the herbarium came to Berlin after World War II and is extant. Most plants were collected by Bornmüller himself in S. W. Asia, S. & C. Europe, and Macaronesia; many specimens are from other collectors: e.g. Th. Strauss, Gabriel, Gauba, Sintenis and several Russian collectors (see also Wagenitz 1960).
Bothe, H.: Original herbarium, r. 1944 (+/- 250 fasc., mainly C. Europe, including many different collectors).
Brade, A. C.: Costa Rica and Brazil, r. 1921-1939 (3,079), incl. 500 ferns).
Brass, L. J.: New Guinea, r. 1928-1939 (914).
Bridel, S. E. de: Bryophyte herbarium, r. 1829 (+/- 1,000 species, extant and still kept separately).
Carr, C. E.: New Guinea, r. 1935/36 (5,032, many specimens extant).
Clemens, J. & M. S.: N. Borneo, r. 1931-1936 (6,904), r. 1944 (1,328); New Guinea, r. 1935-1939 (8,772 of which +/- 2,600 nos. with duplicates were saved).
Crouan, H. M. & P. L.: Algues marines du Finistère. 3 fasc. (404 nos.).
Degener, O. (p.p. with Degener, I.): Hawaii, r. 1928-1938 (1,930); N. America, r. 1933 (902); Hawaii, USA, Fiji, Australia, New Zealand, USSR, r. l 950-1986 (3,468).
Desmazières, J. B. H. J.: Plantes cryptogames de France. Fasc. 1-16 (no. 1-800). Lille 1853-1860.
Diels, L.: Europe, r. 1919-1944 (217); N. America, r. 1933 (345); Ecuador, r. 1933 (925).
Dingler, H.: Original herbarium, r. 1914 (+/- 30,000, Anatolia, Syria, Palestine, and S. Germany; incl. herb. Spruner, Greece), "Flora orientalis" col. 1873-1874 partly extant. - Rosa herbarium, r. 1936 (+/- 14,000, chiefly collected by Dingler himself, C. & S. Europe, completely extant).
Dinter, K.: S. W. Africa, r. 1929- 1941 (1,565). - Original herbarium S. W. Africa?, r. 1946 (+/- 8,000).
Domke, W.: Cameroon, r. 1938 (+/- 1,500); N. W. Libya, r. 1939 (+/- 500).
Drège, J.: Original herbarium, r. 1915 (+/- 8,000, ex herb. Lübeck; originally belonging to E. H. F. Meyer, Königsberg, †1858).
Eckardt, Th.: Switzerland (chiefly Puschlav), S. Europe, Madeira Is., USA r. 1977 (+/- 3,150).
Ehrenberg, Ch. &.: Ural & Sibiria, col. 1829: 216 Bryophytes extant (Schultze-Motel 1963).
Ekman, E. L.: Weast Indies, r. 1915-1935, via I. Urban (24,127).
Elmer, A. D. E.: Philippines, r. 1924 & 1938 (2,900); Borneo, r. 1925/26 (+/- 1,800).
Engelhardt, V.: Original herbarium, r. 1943 (+/- 20,000), mainly collected himself: Triest, Istria, Dalmatia, Italy, S. E. Alps, Rhodos.
Fahrendorf, E.: Original herbarium: Fungi, r. 1960 (+/- 4,800).
Fiedler, O .: Original herbarium, r. 1950- 1965 (7,100, Europe and from overseas).
Fleischer, M.: Macedonia, r. 1917 (1,800, incl. 600 Bryophytes); r. 1919-1927 (600, different origin). - After World War II a large amount (over 2,000 nos. with many duplicates) of mostly undetermined mosses from tropical Asia, Oceania, Australia, and New Zealand have been found; this material obviously was intended for a continuation of Fleischer's exsiccatae "Musci (frond.) archipelagi indici (et polynesiaci)" which are nearly complete at B.
Fries, E. M.: Scleromyceti Sueciae. Lundae 1819-1834 (+/- 200).
Gabriel, A. & A.: Iter irano-gedrosiacum a. 1937 (many specimens ex herb. Bornmüller).
Gauba, D. E.: Plantae Gaubeanae iranicae 1935 (many specimens ex herb. Bornmüller).
Geisenheyner, L.: CoIlection of galls, r. 1921; completely extant.
Glück, H.: Original herbarium, r. 1940 (71 fasc.: Europe, 53 fasc.: N. America; 429 boxes fruits of Trapa) The Trapa fruit collection is extant.
Gossweiler, J.: Angola, r. 1924-1939(+/- 2,100), r. 1950 (571).
Gross, L.: Original herbarium, r. 1929 (350 fasc., mostly Europe).
Gross, R.: Original herbarium, r. 1946 (+/- 20,000, including 3,000 Cyperaceae with many isotypes from B and other important collections, e.g. 600 leg. Jürgens (S. Brazil), 800 leg. Stolz (E. Africa).
Grummann, V.; Original herbarium: Lichens, r. 1968 (+/- 10,000).
Hamel, G. (p.p. & Hamel-Joukow, A.): Algues de France. 5 fasc. 1927-1931 (250). - Algues des Antilles françaises. 1931 (150).
Heinrichs, E.: Ecuador, r. 1932-1936 (1,000).
Hennings, P.: Original herbarium: Fungi, r. 1887-1908, over 1,000 types and other specimens extant (from holdings of the old public department of the Botanical Museum and saved groups of Fungi).
Herter, W. G.: Fungi, r. 1916 (+/- 2,650, Europe and S. America). Phanerogams, r. 1917-1937 (3,900, Europe, N. Africa, S. America) + 1,300 Cryptogams and 1,080 ferns.
Hillmann, J.: Original herbarium: Lichens, r. 1944 (14,000); the collection was evacuated to Buckow (east to Berlin) and was destroyed there in 1945.
Hintze, F.: Original herbarium: Bryophytes, r. 1961 (7,000, Pomerania).
Hoppe, D. H.: Fungi epiphylli. No. 1-10. Ratisbonae 1809. - Mosses, r. 1944 (+/- 300, including types of Hoppe & Hornschuch).
Hu, H. H.: China, 1921-1929 (6,800).
Huber, H.: Fungi, mostly Basidiomycetes, r.1913-1943 (3,678, Austria).
Hübschmann, A. v.: Bryophytes, r. 1982 ff. (3,496, Europa, Macaronesia, Ceylon; including specimens of other collectors).
Husnot, P. T.: Musci Galliae, 12 fasc. 1870 ff., r. 1944 (600).
Huth, E.: Original herbarium, r. 1941 (190 fasc., Europe and Orient).
Jahn, E.: Collection of Myxophyta, r. 1944 (+/- 3,000).
Jürgens, C.: S. Brazil, r. 1923-1934 (+/- 750); ca. 600 ex herb. R. Gross (r. 1946).
Kalbreyer, W.: Herbarium, r. 1915 (276, W. Africa col. 1877; 1,650, Colombia col. 1877-1884, many palms).
Kinscher, H.: Rubus herbarium, r. 1918 (33 large fascicles, mostly C. Germany), completely extant.
Kirschstein, W.: Original herbarium: Fungi, r. 1945 (10,000, chiefly Ascomycetes) cf. Rosenthal (1956), Hein & Gerhardt (1981).
Klautke, P.: China and Korea, r. 1925-1929 (1,572).
Klotzsch, J. F.: Herbarium vivum mycologicum. 14 Cent. (incomplete), cf. Kohlmeyer (1962b).
Koch, C.: Original herbarium, r. 1913. For saved parts see Lack (1978b).
Koehne, E.: Dendrological herbarium, r. 1919 (22,000, mostly cult.).
Körnicke, F. A.: Original herbarium, r. 1934 (+/- 20,000, mostly C. Europa, including Fungi). - Europe, r. 1983 (+/- 4,200 Phanerogams, +/- 1,100 Fungi).
Kopsch, A.: Bryotheca saxonica. 1919 ff. No.1-300.
Krause, A. & A.: Alaska, r. before 1914 (360 extant, on loan during the war).
Krause, E. H. L.: Original herbarium, r. 1929 (+/- 60 fasc. 3; Bryophyte herbarium, re 1935 (+/- 2,000). - Fungi, r. 1941 (22 fasc extant, cf. Kohlmeyer 1962a).
Krause, K.: Anatolia and other regions, r. 1926-1940 (5,478).
Krieger, K. W.: Fungi saxonici. Fasc. 1-50 (no. 1-2,500). Königstein/ Elbe 1885-1919.
Kükenthal, G.: Caricoideae herbarium, r. 1931; remaining Cyperaceae, r. 1944 and 1953 (+/- 6,000, cf. Schultze-Motel 1960a); Rubus, r.1948 (6,540).
Kützing, F. T.: Algae, 600 sheets of the orig. herb. purchased in 1894 have been saved (but no types).
Lahm, J.: Lichen herbarium, r. 1936 (ex herb. Münster), extant.
Ledermann, C.: 950 duplicates of the collection received before 1914 were saved (New Guinea, Carolines, Palau Is.).
Lettau, G.: Original herbarium: Lichens, r. 1952 (38,000, incl. 1,000 Fungi; chiefly East Prussia and S. W. Germany) + 38 fasc. Phanerogams.
Loeske, L.: Bryophytes, r. 1934 (250); today many Bryophyte collections at B which came to Berlin with other herbaria.
Ludwig, A.: Original herbarium, r. 1958 (305 fasc. Phanerogams; 92,000 Cryptogams, including ca. 50,000 Fungi), mostly C. Europe.
Markgraf, F.: Balkan (Albania and N. Greece), r. 1924-1941 (3,000); Brazil, r. 1939 (+/- 900).
Mattfeld, J.: Balkan (Bulgaria, Greece, Turkey-in-Europe), r. 19241930 (+/- 5,800); C. Europe, mostly Alps, r. 1921-1939 (+/- 2,000).
Mattick, F.: Lichens: Brazil, r. 1953 {1,070); Chile, r. 1961 (+/- 1,500).
Mauczka, V.: Original herbarium, r. 1944, from Vienna (120 fasc., many cult.).
Melchior, H.: S. Alps, r. 1929-1940 (7,778); N. Iran (Elburs), r. 1936 (650).
Menzel, P.: Leaf herbarium, r. 1928 (?) (36 fasc., leaves mostly ex herb. Berlin), completely extant.
Meyer, D. E.: C. Europe, r. 1955-1973 (3,900, predominantly Pteridophytes).
Mez, C.: Original herbarium, r. 1933 (125 fasc., including many types: Gramineae, Bromeliaceae, Lauraceae, Myrsinaceae).
Morton, F.: Original herbarium, r. 1962 (+/- 9,000, Alps, Guatemala, Ethiopia).
Müller, O .: Diatoms, r. 1914 (+/- 3,000).
Nitschke, Th.: Original herbarium: Fungi, r. 1936 (ex herb. Münster), extant, cf. Gerhardt & Hein (1979).
Nordstedt, O. & Wahlstedt, L. J.: Characeae Scandinaviae exsiccatae, 3 fasc. (120 nos.).
Osterwald, K.: Original herbarium: Bryophytes, r. 1923 (large collection, C. Europe, chiefly Brandenburg and Alps), completely extant.
Otth, G.: Fungi, ca. 100 boxes ex herb. Körnicke and herb. Nitschke; cf. Hein (1985).
Peekel, G.: Neumecklenburg (New Ireland), r. 1908-1938 (+/- 1,200).
Peter, A.: S. & E. Africa (Tanzania), r. 1935 (47,000), +/- 28,000 nos. with many duplicates extant (cf. Schultze-Motel 1960b). - Hieracium collection, r. l 937.
Pilger, R.: Mattogrosso, r. 1944 (250 ex herb. Jena).
Polunin, O.: Kashmir (and Libanon), r. 1959 (849), Pakistan, r. 1961 (439)
Prelinger, M.: Original herbarium, r. 1944 (65 fasc., C. Europe, Austria).
Preuss, C. G. T.: Original herbarium: Fungi, r. 1936 (1,848, ex herb. Münster), extant, cf. Kohlmeyer 1962; Jülich 1974.
Pritzel, E. G.: W. Australia, col. 1910: many duplicates extant.
Rabenhorst, L. & Pazschke, O.: Fungi europaei et extraeuropaei. Cent. 1-50. Dresdae/Lipsiae 1859-1905 (1-4,500), nearly complete.
Raimondi, A.: Peru herbarium p.p., r. 1930 (some types and 230 Bryophytes extant, cf. Menzel & Schulze-Motel 1987).
Rambo, B.: S. Brazil, "Herbarium Anchieta", r. 1954-1964 (+/- 8,000).
Range, P.: Sinai, r. 1916 (304); Nigeria, r. 1929 (31); S.W. Africa, r. 1940 (+/- 600). - Original herbarium, r. 1951-1953 (+/- 8,000, C. Europe).
Rechinger, K. H.: Greece, r. 1939 (1,437); Greece, r. 1955-1984 (+/- 3,600); Iran, r. 1970-1984 (+/- 9,000).
Reimers, H.: Cameroon, r. 1928 (681). - Original herbarium (C. Europe), r. 1961 (Algae: 2 fasc., Fungi: 53 fasc., Bryophytes: 100 fasc., Phanerogams: 61 fasc.).
Reitz, R. & Klein, R. M.: Brazil, r. 1959-1969 (2,553).
Reuss, A. L. v.: Original herbarium, r. 1944 from Vienna (30,000, Austro-Hungarian Empire).
Roemer, F.: Original herbarium, r. 1939 (100 fasc., incl. 28 fasc. Rosa; chiefly from Pomerania).
Roth, A. W.: (1757-1834): Original herbarium, r. 1925, ex Naturhistorisches Museum zu Oldenburg (10,000, with many duplicates from botanists of his time).
Rottenbach, H.: Original herbarium, r. 1949, ex Naturwissenschaftliches Museum Coburg (Europe, Phanerogams: 5,600, Fungi & Lichens: 400; many different collectors).
Ruiz, H. et al.: Peru and Chile (specimens in Herb. Willdenow [B-W: 109] and in the general herbarium [B: +/- 350]; cf. Lack 1979).
Sandstede, H.: Cladonia herbarium, r. 1934 (ca. 60,000, mostly Europe). - After 1943: Cladonia exsiccatae p.p. ex herb. Th. Reinstein and herb. H. Zschacke.
Schack, H.: Hieracium herbarium, r. 1934 (+/- 6,000), completely extant.
Schiffner, V.: Original herbarium, r. 1944 (Algae, Lichens and Bryophytes).
Schlechter, R.: S. Africa, r.196l, ex herb. Zürich, Z (711).
Schlichtkrull, P.: Original herbarium, r. 1969 (+/- 3,000, C. & S. Europe).
Schlickum, A.: Hieracium herbarium, r. 1949 (4,168).
Schlieben, H. J.: E. Africa (Tanzania), r. 1931-1935 (7,962 nos. with 10 duplicates each). - Original collection: E. Africa, r. 1944 (3,532); S. Africa, r. 1956 (796); Madagascar, r. 1960 (240); Madagascar and S.W. Africa, r. 1968 (280). - Mendes & Balsas 1981: List of isotypes present in LISC.
Schmid, B.: India, Nilgiri Hills, col. 1831-1837, r. 1932, ex herb Jena (+/- 2,000).
Schneider, C. K.: China, r. 1919-1921 (3,616). - Balkan, col. 1907, extant (ex herb. Bornmüller).
Schultze-Rhonhof, A. & H.: Ecuador, r. 1937-1939 (1,497).
Schulz, O. E.: C. Europe, r. 1944 (20 fasc.).
Schulz, Roman (brother of O. E. Schulz): Original herbarium, r. 1945, ex Märkisches Museum Berlin (large collection, chiefly Brandenburg and Alps).
Schulze, M. (Jena): Original herbarium, r. 1915 (+/- 30,000, Europe, many Orchids and Rosae). Partly extant, e.g. Potentilk spp.
Schwarz, O.: S. Carpathian Mts., r. 1928 (690); W. Anatolia 1932/ 33, r. 1939 (820, many specimens extant).
Schweinfurth, G.: Original herbarium, r. 1925 (over 18,000). Many specimens from Egypt extant (ex herb. Bornmüller, Muschler etc.). - The collection of vegetal remains from Egyptian tombs extant.
Sehnem, A.: S. Brazil, r. 1963/64 (+/- 450, Pteridophytes + many Phanerogams).
Seydel, R.: S.W. Africa, r. 1954-1967 (+/- 2,000 nos. with duplicates).
Siehe, W.: Anatolia, r. 1895-1928 (+/- 2,000), 647 extant.
Sin, S. S.: China, r. 1927-1929 (3,317).
Sintenis, P.: Puerto Rico 1886: partly extant; Balkan and Orient 1889-1896: many specimens extant (ex herb. Bornmülller and herb. Ullepitsch).
Sponheimer, J.: Original herbarium: Fungi, r. 1939 (+/- 9,000, Europe, mainly W. and S. Germany).
Spruner, W. v.: Greece, r. 1914 (with Dingler's herbarium).
Steinbach, J.: Bolivia, r. 1925-1929 (+/- 7,100).
Stolz, A.: E. Africa (Nyassa Highland), col. 1909-1913 (many duplicates extant and +/- 800 ex herb. R. Gross, r. 1946).
Strauss, Th.: Iran (large collection extant, ex herb. Bornmüller).
Sydow, H.: Fungi exotici exsiccati. (Nos. 1-1,300).
Tessmann, G.: Peru, r. 1924-1926 (2,545).
Thomas, F.: Collection of galls, r. 1920 (+/- 6,000, completely extant); Fungi, r. 1921 (20 fasc.).
Touton, K.: Hieracium herbarium, r. 1929 and 1936 (+/- 19,000, completely extant).
Treviranus, L. C.: Original herbarium, r. 1936 (ex herb. Naturhistorischer Verein für die Preussischen Rheinlande und Westfalen, Bonn (+/- 30,000). This herbarium survived the bombing and came to the Humboldt University Berlin (BHU), cf. Bässler 1970 and Hiepko 1979. It returned to B together with the incorporated BHU collections in 1993.
Troll, C.: Bolivia 1926-1929, r. 1930 (3,400); NE., E. & S. Africa, r. 1933-1937 (1,840); Nanga Parbat, r. 1937 (1,194). - Extant duplicates: Bolivia (+/- 2,300), Africa (+/- 630).
Türckheim, H. v.: Original herbarium, r. 1920 (90 fasc., chiefly Guatemala and West Indies).
Ule, E.: Original herbarium, r. 1915 (Europe: 1,300, Brazil and Peru: 2,500; Cryptogams: 800).
Ullepitsch, J.: Original herbarium p.p., r. 1944, from the botanical institute of the Vienna University (15,000, Austria, Balkan etc.), cf. Lack & Wagner 1985 (with list of collectors).
Utsch, J.: Original herbarium, r. 1916 (+/- 20,000, Europe and N. America; including 1,300 Rubi from Westphalia).
Vaupel, F . K. J.: Samoa, r. 1905-1919 (+/- 1,300), partly extant (+/- 600).
Volk, H.: Afghanistan, r. 1952 (+/- 1,400)
Wagenitz, G.: Anatolia (with H.-J. Beug) 1957 (527); C. Europe, some from Lapland, r. 1959-1969 (1,036); Tunisia 1968 (279).
Walter, H. & E.: Original herbarium, r. 1970 (12,200, Australia, Africa, Europe, Anatolia, S. America).
Wangerin, W. Original herbarium, r. 1939 (15,000, mostly own collections, Europe).
Warnstorf, C.: Bryophytes, r. 1944 (?), probably with the herbarium of his son J. Warnstorf (+/- 3,000, including many types, cf. Schultze-Motel 1962).
Warnstorf, J.: Original herbarium, r. 1944 (Bryophytes: 112 fasc., other Cryptogams: 20 fasc.).
Werdermann, E.: Chile, r. 1924-1927 (1,199, duplicates of 989 nos. extant); Bolivia, r. 1928 (689, duplicates of 310 nos. extant); Brazil, r. 1932 (1,291). - S. & S. W. Africa (with H. D. Oberdieck), col. 1958/59 (2,457). - For types of Cactaceae in the spirit collection see Leuenberger (1978, 1979).
Willdenow, C. L.: The historical Herbarium Willdenow (r. 1818) containing 20,000 species and ca. 38,000 sheets was saved; see part 1 of text and Hiepko 1972.
Winter, G.: Fungi, r. 1875-1888, many specimens extant in the saved groups of Fungi (Uredinales and Fungi imperfecti).
Wittrock, V. & Nordstedt, O.: Algae aquae dulcis exsiccatae. 35 fasc., 1877-1903 (1,612).
Wolff, H.: Herbarium p.p., r. 1915 (+/- 7,000, mostly Europe), material partly extant.
Zahn, K. H.: Hieracium herbarium, r. 1941 (25,000, incl. +/- 2,800 types; S. Germany and W. Alps). - Vouchers of illustrations for the monograph of Hieracium extant (cf. Lack 1978c).
Zopf, F. W.: Lichens and lichen substances, r. 1936 (ex herb. Münster); the material is extant (cf. Huneck et al. 1973).
Zschacke, H.: Lichens (Corsica, Switzerland), r. 1920-1926 (721); r. 1948 (400). (Note by H. Sipman, 1999: This information is incomplete; his herbarium is more or less completely available, containing several thousand specimens including many published specimens from the Harz mountains, Corsica, Rumania and Switzerland, and many Verrucariaceae.)
[Appendix A of Article by P. Hiepko in Englera 7: 219-252, 1987; slightly modified]